Orthopedics
The ankle
Anatomy, diseases and common injuries
The ankle, one of the most complex and heavily stressed joints in the human body, plays a pivotal role in the mobility and stability of our lower extremities. It is instrumental in the mobility of the foot and bears both the entire body weight and the forces generated during movement. Due to this high level of stress, injuries and degenerative diseases of the ankle are common, affecting both athletes and non-athletes.
Anatomy of the ankle
The ankle joint consists of two main parts: the upper ankle joint (talocrural joint) and the lower ankle joint (talotarsal joint). The upper ankle joint connects the lower leg (tibia and fibula) to the talus and primarily enables flexion and extension of the foot. The lower ankle joint, formed by the talus, heel bone (calcaneus), and navicular bone, enables complex lateral and rotational movements of the foot.
The stability of the ankle joint is ensured by a variety of ligaments, including the lateral ligament (anterior talofibular ligament) and the medial ligament (deltoid ligament). These structures play a crucial role in preventing injury and maintaining joint function.
Common diseases and injuries of the ankle
- Ankle sprain (twisting) One of the most common ankle injuries is an ankle sprain, often referred to as a "twisted ankle." This typically occurs during sporting activities or due to awkward movements on uneven surfaces. The lateral ligaments are overstretched or partially or completely torn. Typical symptoms include swelling, pain, and limited mobility. Repeated sprains can lead to chronic ankle instability.
- Achilles tendonitis (Achillodynia) The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone and is the strongest tendon in the body. Overuse, especially during sports like running or jumping, can lead to inflammation. This manifests as pain and swelling in the back of the ankle. If left untreated, chronic irritation can lead to a rupture (tear) of the Achilles tendon.
- Osteochondral lesion of the talus (OCL)An osteochondral lesion is an injury to the cartilage and underlying bone in the talus. This can result from trauma, such as an ankle fracture, or from chronic stress. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and restricted movement. In more severe cases, this can lead to joint wear (osteoarthritis).
- Osteoarthritis of the ankle Osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint wear and tear, often occurs in the ankle joint after repeated injuries or excessive strain. It is characterized by the gradual deterioration of articular cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and limited mobility. In advanced osteoarthritis, the joint can become deformed, significantly impairing quality of life.
- Ankle fracturesAnkle fractures are among the more serious injuries and often occur as a result of falls, traffic accidents, or during sports. These fractures usually affect the tibia and fibula, but can also affect the talus. Surgical stabilization is often necessary, followed by intensive physical therapy rehabilitation to restore full mobility and stability.
Diagnosis and treatment of ankle problems
The accurate diagnosis of ankle diseases and injuries is achieved through a thorough clinical examination and modern imaging techniques such as X-rays, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), or CT (computed tomography). Treatment depends on the type and severity of the injury and ranges from conservative measures such as physical therapy and orthotics to surgical interventions, for example, in cases of complex fractures or advanced osteoarthritis.
Prevention and rehabilitation
To prevent ankle injuries, it is important to focus on targeted training of the foot and lower leg muscles. Strengthening and stabilization exercises, improving mobility, and wearing appropriate footwear are key factors in prevention. After an injury, professional rehabilitation is essential to prevent long-term damage and restore full function to the joint.
Conclusion
The ankle is a complex and often injury-prone joint that plays a crucial role in our mobility. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment are key to effectively treating injuries and preventing degenerative changes. In our orthopedic practice, we offer comprehensive care to maintain the health of your ankle and optimally treat injuries.