A

Abduction

Extension of the arm, laterally away from the body.

AC joint

Acromioclavicular joint, also called the acromioclavicular joint. Joint connection between the collarbone and the acromion.

Adduction

Extension of the arm toward the body.

Acromion

The acromion. This is the bony extension of the shoulder blade that extends above the humerus.

Acromionizer

Motor-driven miniature milling machine for removing and smoothing bone, e.g., on the acromion.

Acromioplasty

Widening the space beneath the acromion by removing bone spurs.

ALPSA lesion

Abbreviation for: anterior labral periosteal sleeve avulsion. Damage to the anterior labral periosteal sleeve and detachment of the periosteum that surrounds it. Usually caused by a shoulder dislocation.

Osteoarthritis

Joint wear and tear, resulting in a loss of the gliding layer (cartilage) in the joint.

Arthroscopy

Examination of the shoulder joint. Using a rod camera inserted through a small incision into the interior of the shoulder, the shoulder situation can be assessed and damage to the joint can be repaired.

Axilla

Armpit

B

Bankart lesion

Avulsion of the cartilage lip (labrum) from the edge of the shoulder joint socket. Usually caused by a shoulder dislocation.

Long biceps tendon rupture

Rupture of the long biceps tendon. Often preceded by damage to the biceps tendon's supporting structure (pulley), the subsequent instability of the tendon leads to tendon wear.

Subacromial bursa

Bursa beneath the acromion.

Bursitis

Bursitis

Bursoscopy

Endoscopic examination of the shoulder bursa.

C

CHL

The coracohumeral ligament, together with the SGHL, forms the biceps pulley.

Chondromatosis

A rare disease in which the synovial membrane becomes calcified and cartilage spheres are shed into the joint as free bodies.

Chondroplasty

This surgical procedure is used to form new cartilage in cases of cartilage damage to the humeral head or acetabulum. The bone surface in the area of ​​the damaged cartilage is reamed, with the aim of causing bleeding and scarring. This scar is intended to serve as replacement cartilage over the defect zone.

Clavicle

Collarbone.

Clavicle fracture

Fracture of the clavicle.

Constant Score

Name for a system commonly used in Germany and Europe to assess the shoulder situation, taking into account the factors of "pain," "function," and "usability in everyday life."

D

Defect arthropathy

Tear of multiple rotator cuff tendons with a large defect. The humeral head slips upward out of the joint socket and can strike the acromion.

Deltoid muscle

Clearly visible muscle that covers the joint from the front, across the side, and back. The outer contour of the shoulder is usually defined by this muscle.

E

Endoscopy

See arthroscopy. The terms are often used synonymously.

ESD

Abbreviation for: Endoscopic subacromial decompression.

ESWT

Abbreviation for: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy. A non-surgical procedure based on sound waves for the removal of calcium deposits and pain in the shoulder.

ETACS

Abbreviation for: Electro Thermally Assisted Capsular Shift. This involves an endoscopic procedure in which the shoulder joint capsule is shrunk using an electrode and heat.

Extension

Extension of the arm backward at the shoulder.

F

Flexion

Bending of the arm forward at the shoulder.

Floating Shoulder

Rare, simultaneous fracture of the clavicle and scapula neck.

Frozen Shoulder

Also called frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis. This results in a disruption of the metabolism of the connective tissue cells. These produce increased connective tissue fibers, which leads to stiffening of the shoulder.

G

GLAD

Lesion: Damage to the glenoid cartilage, usually caused by instability of the shoulder joint, in the area of ​​the transition to the cartilage lip, but without damage to the cartilage lip.

Glenoid

The glenoid cavity is part of the shoulder blade.

Glenoid replacement

Artificial glenoid cavity, used as part of a shoulder arthroplasty when the cartilage layer has been damaged.

Grammont prosthesis

Special shoulder prosthesis, also known as a reverse shoulder prosthesis.

H

GLAD

Lession usually caused by instability of the shoulder joint: damage to the glenoid cartilage in the area of ​​transition to the cartilage lip, but without damage to the cartilage lip.

Glenoid

The glenoid cavity is a part of the shoulder blade.

Glenoid replacement

Artificial glenoid cavity, used as part of a shoulder arthroplasty when the cartilage layer has been damaged.

Grammont prosthesis

Special shoulder prosthesis also known as a reverse shoulder prosthesis.

I

IGHL

Inferior (lower) glenohumeral ligament

Impingement

Impingement syndrome. The term comes from the Anglo-American language. In the case of the shoulder, it means the entrapment of tendons and bursae under the acromion or coracoid.

Infraspinatus

Muscle responsible for external rotation of the arm and stabilization of the shoulder joint. It originates from the posterior inferior surface of the shoulder blade and extends to the posterior humeral head.

Reverse shoulder prosthesis

Shoulder prosthesis in which the shape of the shoulder joint is changed. A ball is inserted where the socket was, and a socket is installed in the area of ​​the old humeral head.

K

Calcified shoulder

A condition in which calcium deposits in the shoulder tendons.

Clavicle

Collarbone

Clavicle fracture

Collarbone fracture

Coracoid process

Also called coracoid process. A bony protrusion at the front of the shoulder blade. Impingement/pinching can also occur here.

Cryotherapy

Ice or cold therapy. Effective in the acute phase of shoulder disorders.

L

Glenoid labrum

Cartilaginous lip at the edge of the glenoid fossa. The labrum enlarges the glenoid fossa and makes it deeper. This stabilizes the humeral head.

Lesion

Damage.

Luxation

Dislocation of the shoulder.

M

MGHL

Middle glenohumeral ligament. Stabilizes the shoulder joint anteriorly.

Minimally invasive

Gentle procedure, usually with an endoscope. Usually an arthroscopic procedure or joint endoscopy.

MTI

Abbreviation for "microtraumatic instability." Repeated microtraumas (microfine injuries) play a role.

MRI

Abbreviation for magnetic resonance imaging, also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Imaging of the joint using a strong magnetic field and electrical impulses. Muscles and tendons are thus clearly visualized.

O

Humeral head necrosis

Also known as humeral head necrosis. In this case, impaired blood circulation usually leads to the slow death of the humeral head.

Omarthrosis

Inflammation in the shoulder joint.

Omarthrosis

Osteoarthritis (wear and tear) of the shoulder joint.

Overload

A term from sports medicine that describes excessive strain.

P

Partial tear

Partial tear

PASTA lesion

Abbreviation for: partial articular supraspinatus tendon avulsion, in German: partial tear of the rotator cuff on the underside of the supraspinatus tendon.

Periarthropathy

Disease of the tissues surrounding the shoulder joint, also called periarthropathy of the humeruscapularis.

Brachial plexus

Nerve plexus that runs from the cervical spine into the neck, shoulder, and arm area.

Pseudoparalysis

Feigned paralysis due to damage to the shoulder, e.g., a fresh rotator cuff tear.

Pulley

Guide apparatus of the long biceps tendon in the area where the tendon exits the joint. The pulley is formed by the SGHL (superior glenohumeral ligament) and the CHL (coracohumeral ligament).

R

Reduction

Reduction of a joint after a dislocation.

Rockwood Classification

New classification of acromioclavicular joint injuries, usually in 5 grades. The first three grades are identical to the old Tossy classification.

Rotator Interval

Area of ​​the anterior, superior shoulder capsule region, between the subscapularis and supraspinatus muscles. The capsule and the muscles of the shoulder are thinnest here.

Rotator Cuff

Tendon cuff that surrounds the humeral head and centers it in the glenoid cavity during joint movement. It consists of the four tendons of the following muscles: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor.

S

SAD

Synonym for Endoscopic Subacromial Decompression

SAS

Abbreviation for "Subacromial Syndrome." See also Impingent Syndrome.

Scapula (Scapula)

Shoulder blade

Winged scapula

Protruding shoulder blade. Usually occurs with a disorder of the serratus muscle or the long thoracic nerve.

Bursitis

Inflammation and usually also swelling of the bursa.

Shoulder cap prosthesis

Prosthesis in which the humeral head is replaced with a metal cap. A shaft in the humerus is omitted.

SGHL

Superior glenohumeral ligament. Part of the biceps tendon pulley.

SLAP lesion

Abbreviation for superior labrum anterior to posterior lesion. Tears of the cartilage lip at the upper edge of the glenoid cavity and the long biceps tendon that attaches there. This injury frequently occurs in throwing athletes.

Sternoclavicular joint

Joint between the inner end of the collarbone and the sternum.

Shock wave therapy

Therapy that uses high-energy sound waves to initiate healing processes in order to stimulate existing calcium deposits in the shoulder to dissolve and heal.

Subacromial stenosis

Narrowing of the space below the acromion. This leads to impingement syndrome.

Subacromial space

Description of the very important zone outside and above the main shoulder joint, the space between the acromion and the humeral head. This is where the bursa and the rotator cuff are located. If it becomes too tight here, impingement occurs.

Subscapularis

The subscapularis muscle sits flat on the front of the shoulder blade and extends from there to the frontal head of the humerus. It is very important for internal rotation of the humeral head and shoulder stabilization.

Subluxation

Partial dislocation of the shoulder.

Bicipital sulcus

Bony groove of the long biceps tendon, often referred to as the bicipital sulcus at the front of the humeral head.

Bicipital sulcus

See bicipital sulcus

Supraspinatus

Muscle that runs from the posterior and upper scapulae under the acromion to the humeral head. It is important for raising the arm. Due to its location under the acromion, the tendon often becomes trapped, resulting in damage.

Synovia

Joint lining. It lies inside the shoulder capsule and produces the "lubricating" synovial fluid.

T

Tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon.

Calcular tendonitis (tendinosis calcarea)

Also called calcific tendonitis. Pathological deposition of calcium occurs in shoulder tendons.

Tendonesis

Division and fixation of the tendon stump, e.g., the long biceps tendon.

Tenotomy

Tendon transection.

Teres minor

Posterior inferior muscle of the rotator cuff.

Tossy classification

3-grade classification for the degree of separation of the acromioclavicular joint.

Total shoulder arthroplasty

Artificial shoulder joint with replacement of the glenoid fossa and humeral head.

TUBS lesion

Abbreviation of Traumatic Unilateral Lesion with Bankart Lesion. Indicates accident-related instability of the shoulder in the downward and anterior direction combined with a Bankart lesion.